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高锌复杂物料组成繁杂，含金属锌、铅、锡、铜及氧化锌.针对常规回收工艺存在的能耗高、工艺复杂、污染风险大等问题，基于高锌复杂物料中锡、铜的饱和蒸气压显著低于锌、铅的特征，利用真空冶金的方法，通过真空碳热还原-挥发工艺对高锌复杂物料中锌、铅、锡及铜等有价金属进行同步回收.高锌复杂物料直接真空挥发的实验研究结果表明：在1 100℃、1 Pa、保温2 h条件下，锌和铅挥发率达99%以上，高锌复杂物料中难挥发金属锡、铜留在坩埚底部形成锡铜合金；在直接真空挥发过程中，发现原料中质量分数约20%左右的氧化锌与锌、铅一同挥发并冷凝，导致金属锌回收率低.针对氧化锌与金属锌、铅共挥发问题，进一步开展真空碳热还原-挥发实验，发现在1 100℃、1 Pa、保温2 h、添加10%碳粉的条件下，氧化锌被还原为金属锌，冷凝产物中获得锌铅合金(90%Zn-10%Pb),难挥发金属锡和铜被富集于残留物中形成锡铜合金(62%Sn-36.5%Cu).该工艺实现了锌铅高效回收与锡铜合金富集，为含锌二次资源的短流程清洁高效处理提供了理论和技术参考.
Abstract：High-zinc complex materials are composed of metallic zinc, lead, tin, copper, and zinc oxide.Aiming at the problems of conventional recovery processes, such as high energy consumption, complex procedures, and significant pollution risks, this study utilizes vacuum metallurgy.Based on the characteristic that the saturated vapor pressures of tin and copper in high-zinc complex materials are significantly lower than those of zinc and lead, a vacuum carbothermal reduction-volatilization process was developed to synchronously recover valuable metals(zinc, lead, tin, and copper).Direct vacuum volatilization experiments showed that under the conditions of 1 100 ℃,1 Pa, and 2 hours of heat preservation, the volatilization rates of zinc and lead exceeded 99%.Meanwhile, the hardly volatile metals(tin and copper) remained at the bottom of the crucible to form a tin-copper alloy.Notably, approximately 20% of zinc oxide in the raw material co-volatilized and condensed with zinc and lead during direct vacuum volatilization, leading to low recovery of metallic zinc.To address the co-volatilization of zinc oxide with metallic zinc and lead, further vacuum carbothermal reduction-volatilization experiments were conducted.Results showed that with 10% carbon powder addition under 1 100 ℃,1 Pa, and 2 hours of heat preservation, zinc oxide was reduced to metallic zinc.The condensation product yielded a zinc-lead alloy(90% Zn-10% Pb),while tin and copper were enriched in the residue to form a tin-copper alloy(62% Sn-36.5% Cu).This process enables efficient recovery of zinc and lead and enrichment of tin-copper alloy, providing theoretical and technical references for short-process, clean, and efficient treatment of zinc-containing secondary resources.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.16112/j.cnki.53-1223/n.2025.04.401
中图分类号:TF803
引用信息:
[1]徐宝强,左子斌,杨斌等.高锌物料真空还原-挥发回收金属锌铅及富集锡铜合金的研究[J].昆明理工大学学报(自然科学版),2025,50(04):1-10.DOI:10.16112/j.cnki.53-1223/n.2025.04.401.
基金信息:
第八批国家“万人计划”科技创新领军人才项目（KKEC202452002）